Gravitational wave generator utilizing submicroscopic energizable elements

ABSTRACT

A gravitational wave generating device comprising an energizing means which act upon energizable elements such as molecules, atoms, nuclei or nuclear particles in order to create nuclear reactions or collisions, the products of which can move in a single preferred direction with an attendant impulse (jerk or harmonic oscillation) of an ensemble of target nuclei or other energizable elements over a very brief time period. The target nuclei or energizable elements acting in concert generate a gravitational wave. A preferred embodiment involves the use of a pulsed particle beam moving at the local gravitational wave speed in a target mass, which is comprised of target nuclei, to trigger a nuclear reaction and build up a coherent gravitational wave as the particles of the beam move through the target mass and impact target nuclei over very short time spans. An information-processing device connected to a computer, controls the particle beam&#39;s high-frequency, (GHz to THz) pulse rate and the number of particles in each bunch comprising the pulse in order to produce modulated gravitational waves that can carry information. A gravitational wave generation device that exhibits directivity. A gravitational wave detection device that exhibits directivity and can be tuned. The utilization of a medium in which the gravitational wave speed is reduced in order to effect refraction of the gravitational wave.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336, issue date Dec. 12, 2000.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to the generation, refraction and detection of high-frequency gravitational waves that can be modulated and utilized for communications, propulsion and for the purpose of testing new physical theories, concepts, and conjectures. More particularly the invention relates to the generation of gravitational waves (GW) by the interaction of submicroscopic energizing and energizable elements (molecules, atoms, nuclei, nuclear particles, photons, antiprotons, etc.). The invention also relates to the use of forces such as electromagnetic or nuclear to impart a third-time derivative motion to a mass consisting of a collection of energizable elements such as target nuclei.

[0003] The nuclear forces, which are approximately one-hundred times stronger than electromagnetic forces, are occasioned by the interaction of an energizing mechanism such as a submicroscopic particle beam with a mass consisting of a collection of energizable elements such as target nuclei, which can be aligned with each other, or with another particle beam whose particles can also be aligned. Upon interaction with the particle beam or some other energizing mechanism, some of the nuclei are triggered by the impacting particles to produce a nuclear reaction thereby generating an impulse, that is, undergo a reactive jerk or harmonic oscillation. The resulting reactive jerk or harmonic oscillation of the ensemble of target nuclei or other energizable elements acting in concert in turn generates a gravitational wave (GW).

[0004] The general concept of the present invention is to simulate or emulate GW generated by energizable astrophysical systems (rotating binary stars, star explosions, collapse of black holes, etc.) by the use of micro, terrestrial energizable systems. Such terrestrial systems generate well over 40 orders of magnitude more force intensity (nuclear or electromagnetic compared to gravitational) and well over 12 orders of magnitude greater frequency (THz compared to Hz) than the astrophysical systems. Terrestrial energizable systems produce significant and useful GW according to the various embodiments of the present invention, even though they are orders of magnitude smaller than extraterrestrial, astrophysical systems. In the various embodiments of the present invention the large number of small energizable elements are energized in a sequence or in concert by energizing elements emulating the motion of a much larger and extended body in order to enhance the generation of GW.

DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART

[0005] Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. in application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000, entitled Gravitational Wave Generator, teaches that a third time derivative or jerk of a mass generates gravitational waves (GW) or produces a quadrupole moment (harmonic oscillation) and that the GW energy radiates along the axis of the jerk or oscillation or in a plane normal to the axis. The force producing such a jerk or oscillation can be gravitational attraction, centrifugal, electromagnetic, nuclear, or, in fact, any force. The magnitude of the jerk or, more specifically, the magnitude of the third time derivative of the moment of inertia of the mass squared, determines the magnitude of the generated GW. This latter quantity is approximately equal to the product of a very small coefficient and the square of a kernel or fraction consisting of the radius of gyration of the mass times the change in force divided by the time interval required to create the force change. The force energizing mechanism can be a particle beam. The particle-beam frequency is that resulting from chopping the particle beam into bunches. The magnitude of the GW power is approximately proportional to the square of the kernel according to the general theory of relativity as discussed in the Baker patent application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000. Transmission of modulated GW and subsequent detection enable use of GW in communications applications.

[0006] A preferred embodiment of the invention relies on the use of aligned target nuclei wherein the nuclear reaction attendant upon the collision of the particle-beam particles with the nuclei releases its products in a preferred direction in space so that all target nuclei act in concert to produce a jerk or harmonic oscillation of the target mass and accumulatively generate a GW. Thus related to the GW generation process, but not the process itself, is the containment system to produce nuclei alignment. That system and process is described in three patents by Henry William Wallace, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,626,605, 3,626,606, and 3,823,570 and incorporated herein by reference. Applicable to the GW communications applications is the ability to measure small voltages and currents by a superconducting quantum interference device or SQUID, that is described, for example, by Michael B. Simmonds in U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,189 and incorporated herein by reference. Another useful technique, termed quantum non-demolition, or QND, is also applicable to the GW communications applications and is described by Harry J. Kimble, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,592 and incorporated herein by reference. QND facilitates the communication application by avoiding quantum mechanical difficulties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention provides the generation of gravitational waves (GW) caused by the interaction of submicroscopic (molecules, atoms, nuclei, nuclear particles, photons, etc.) energizing and energizable elements. This interaction involves electromagnetic forces or nuclear forces. The important feature of the interaction is that the inertial mass of the energizable elements, taken as a whole, is caused to jerk or harmonically oscillate and thereby generate GW. A presently preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes strong nuclear forces that are attendant to a nuclear reaction triggered or energized by the impact of a submicroscopic energizing particle, such as a photon, electron, proton, neutron, antiproton, alpha particle, etc. from a high-frequency pulsed particle beam incident on a target mass composed of energizable elements such as atomic nuclei. In the preferred embodiment, the nuclei are aligned or constrained as to spin or some other nuclear condition by being placed in an electromagnetic field, in a superconducting state, spin polarized, etc. This results in the products of all of the nuclear reactions being emitted in the same preferred direction. Each emission results in a recoil impulse on the nuclei or a rapid build up of force that jerks the nuclei or causes them to harmonically oscillate and results in an emission of gravitational waves or wave/particles also called “forceons” or “massons.” The particles in the beam are chopped into very small bunches, that is, with GHz to THz frequency, so that a very rapid force build up or jerk is produced in the target mass, that is, in the target nuclei, resulting in a GW exhibiting the chopping frequency. The impulse can also be accomplished without nuclei alignment by other means, such as molecular beam particle collision with unaligned target nuclei. Since gravitational waves in, for example, a superconductor move significantly slower than light speed, the particles of the beam can be accelerated to this GW speed and move through the ensemble of target nuclei, which compose the target mass, in step with the forward-moving or radially-moving gravitational wave. Thus, the forward-moving or radially-moving gravitational wave (GW) builds up amplitude as the particles of the beam move through the target particles in concert to generate coherent GW and emulate a much larger target mass. By varying the number of particles in each bunch of particles in the particle beam and the chopping frequency, both the beam and the gravitational waves produced by it can be modulated and carry information. The target mass or collection of target nuclei can be a solid, a liquid (including a superfluid such as liquid helium II), a gas (including an electron gas) or other particle collection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008]FIG. 1A is a diagram of the impact of a particle beam 1 with a target mass 9 resulting in the generation of gravitational waves having axis 21.

[0009]FIG. 1B is a diagram of bunches of particles 12 in a particle beam interacting with another incoming particle bunch 13 resulting in the generation of gravitational waves having an axis 21.

[0010]FIG. 2 is a diagram of GW 21, passing through a medium that refract GW 34 and causes the GW to bend 35 as it traverses the surface of the medium 38 and can be focused.

[0011]FIG. 3A is a diagram of an energizing particle 41 impacting an energizable particle 40 resulting in the generation of a cylindrical GW or GW ring 43.

[0012]FIG. 3B is a diagram of a subsequent impact with other particles 44 resulting in GW 45 that reinforces the GW 43.

[0013]FIG. 3C is a diagram of another subsequent impact with other particles 46 resulting in GW 47 that reinforces the GW 43 and 45.

[0014]FIG. 3D is a diagram of yet another subsequent impact with other particles 48 resulting in GW 49 that reinforces the GW 43, 45, and 47.

[0015]FIG. 4 is a diagram of energizable particles 50, 54, 56 and 58 releasing linear GW 53, 55, 57, and 59 that result in a build up or reinforcement of GW 62.

[0016]FIG. 5 is a diagram of a particle source 15 that can be accelerated by an acceleration device 16, focused by a focusing device 17 and separated into bunches by a chopping device 18. The chopping device is controlled by a computer 19, an information-processing device 20, and a transmitting device 71. The particle bunches 1 energize target particles 9 and result in GW having axis 21 and capable of being received by a receiving device 70.

[0017]FIG. 6A is a plan view of an array of energizable elements such as 28 whose relative location is denoted by 27.

[0018]FIG. 6B is a diagram of an array of energizable elements, members of which 26 are energized as the crest or front of a GW 25 passes by resulting in a reinforced GW having a directivity angle of 180°.

[0019]FIG. 6C is a diagram of the array of FIG. 6B with a directivity angle is 135°.

[0020]FIG. 6D is a diagram of the array of FIG. 6B with a directivity angle is 90°.

[0021]FIG. 6E is a diagram of the array of FIG. 6B with a directivity angle is 45°.

[0022]FIG. 6F is a diagram of the array of FIG. 6B with a directivity angle is 0°.

[0023]FIG. 7 is a diagram of various elements 31 that are spread out over a sphere 33 that results in either the generation or detection of GW with directivity.

[0024]FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a propulsion system utilizing a gravitational wave generator according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0025] In FIG. 1A, in the preferred embodiment, an incoming particle beam 1 impacts a target mass 9 through its containment surface 23 resulting in a nuclear reaction or collision and the generation of GW exhibiting an axis 21, which can propagate radially or in either direction. The reaction or collision also produces back scattered particles 2, nuclear reaction products 3 moving in the preferred direction of target nuclei alignment 22, high-energy photons 4 (for example, x-ray emissions) also moving primarily in the preferred direction 22, sputtered particles 7, and recoil atoms 8. A typical target atom 11 when impacted by the particle beam is jerked by the release of nuclear-reaction products or by collision or by other means and produce GW similar to or in simulation of a sub-microscopic star explosion or collapse. This axis is described and illustrated co-pending patent application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000. The energizing process can also result in harmonic oscillation or a quadrupole radiator. In this case the GW propagates radially or cylindrically as discussed by Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen (1937, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 223, pp. 43-54). The target's characteristic length, absorption depth, or approximate radius of gyration of the extensive emulated target mass 10 is utilized in the quadrupole approximation to compute the power of the GW that is generated.

[0026] In FIG. 1B, the particle bunches 12 are shown impacting or colliding with an incoming particle bunch 13 of another particle beam at a collision angle 14, which could be any value including zero. In this case, the incoming target bunch is contemplated to be spin-polarized noble gas, such as helium II or odd-nuclear isotopes of xenon, etc. in order to exhibit a preferred direction in space 22.

[0027] In FIG. 2 is exhibited a medium in which the GW speed is reduced 34, the new direction of GW 35 caused by the GW passing through a boundary of a medium 38 at an oblique angle 36 with respect to a normal to the surface of such a medium 37 produces GW refraction. The back surface of the medium in which the GW speed is again changed 39 is shown, but for clarity no refractive bending of the GW is exhibited. Examples of suitable media are superconducting media.

[0028] In FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are exhibited the build up or accumulation of GW along the radially expanding cylindrical GW wave fronts created by and normal to the motion direction 42 of the energizable particle or quadrupole radiator axis. In FIG. 3A a typical central target-mass particle 40 is energized by an incoming particle 41 of the particle-beam bunch. The radially expanding GW wave front 43 moves out at local GW speed.

[0029] In FIG. 3B, which is at a time Δt later, where Δt is the time between the arrival of the first and second particle bunch, that is, inversely proportional to the beam-chopping frequency. In this case GW 43 emanating from the first typical target-mass particle 40 is reinforced or constructively interferes with the GW generated by other target-mass particles 44 situated at the distance V_(GW)Δt radially out from target-mass particle 40, where V_(GW) is the local GW speed. For clarity only two particles 44 are exhibited out of a ring of such target particles in the target mass in a plane normal to the direction of the energizing motion. Their location will be such as to cause their GW 45 to constructively interfere with and reinforce the originally expanding GW 43.

[0030] In FIG. 3C, which is at time 2Δt later, the GW 43 emanating from the first particle 40 and the second particles 44 are reinforced by another set of particles 46 and their attendant GW 47. FIG. 3D is at time 3Δt and typical target-mass particles 48 add their GW 49 to the accumulating and radially expanding GW. Each arriving beam bunch initiates additional expanding rings of coherent GW until the target-mass particles are exhausted or until their replacements are unavailable. There are large numbers of energizable particle sites that are simultaneously energized so that the GW permeates the target mass as the GW are superimposed.

[0031] In the context of the previous application, Ser. No. 09/616,683, the typical target-mass, particles such as 40, 44, 46, and 48 are considered to be energizable elements. Such elements can be permanent magnets, electromagnets, current-carrying plates, piezoelectric crystals, nanomachines including harmonic oscillators, nanomotors and nanoselenoids or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) in general, etc.

[0032] The energizing elements in the context of the '683 application would include coils, current pulses moving in conductors, biomolecular motors, etc. that operate under the control of an Individual Independently Programmable Coil System (IIPCS), described in the parent U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336 of which the previous Application is a continuation-in-part, in order to activate or energize the energizable elements in a sequence as the ring of GW, whose propagation plane is normal to the direction of the energizable elements quadrupole radiator axis, moves radially out at local GW speed. In this case directivity can be achieved in both the orientation of the GW ring's plane, the sector of that expanding ring where the GW wave front is reinforced or constructively interfered with by energizing the energizable elements and/or by destructive interference of one GW with another (as in the astrophysical case of a uniformly, isotropically exploding or collapsing star). The collector elements, in the context of the previous application, Ser. No. 09/611,683 would be at the same locations as the energizable elements and interrogated in a sequence by the IIPCS to detect or receive specific GW frequencies, that is, tuned to the GW frequency.

[0033] In FIG. 4 the constructive interference or reinforcement or amplification of a GW by energizable elements is over a linear pattern 50, 54, 56, and 58 produced by a micro mass explosion or collapse which simulate a macro star explosion or collapse, with GW directed along its axis as predicted by Budge, ibid, 2000 is illustrated. The reinforcement of GW is illustrated schematically by the arrows 53, 55, 57, and 59. The GW builds up to a larger amplitude 62 as the beam bunch and the GW crest or front move with the same speed together through the particles comprising the target mass and generate coherent GW pulses. The target particles or energizable elements 50, 54, 56 and 58 are V_(GW) Δt apart where V_(GW) is the GW speed and Δt is the time between energization. Thus an extensive mass composed of all of the energized target particles is emulated. In the context of the '683 application the typical target mass particles 50, 54, 56 and 58 are considered to be energizable elements. As already discussed, such elements can be magnets, conductors, piezoelectric crystals, harmonic oscillators, nanomachines, etc. The collector elements, in the context of '683, would be at the same locations as the energizable elements and interrogated in a sequence by the IIPCS to detect or receive GW having a particular frequency and phase.

[0034] In FIG. 5, of the preferred embodiment a particle source 15, which could be a laser or a nuclear reaction, produces particles that can be accelerated by an acceleration device 16 (unless the particles are photons), focused by a focusing device 17 such as a superconducting fluid and separated into bunches by a beam chopper 18. The target mass can be a solid, a liquid (including a superfluid such as liquid helium II), a gas (including electron gas), or another particle beam. Alternately, the beam can be separated into bunches and modulated as to frequency and number of particles in each bunch at the particle source 15. The particle source is controlled by computer 19, an information-processing device 20 and transmitter 71. The particle beam bunches 1 impact the target particles 9 and produce a nuclear reaction, generating GW 21, which can be received at receiving device 70. The information processing device 20 can be, for example, a Kalman filter and/or a table look up for identifying the element to be energized.

[0035] In FIG. 6A, are illustrated a plan view of a typical stack of elements or array of element sets or subsets, which could be GW collectors or could be energizable elements such as target atoms or nuclei. The indices, which describe the location or address of these elements, 27 are denoted by i, j, φ_(k). For example, the very top element 28 has an index i=0 (0^(th) column), j=4 (4^(th) row), and φ_(k) represents the directivity of this individual element, either produced by an active element or element set alignment or by connecting a specific, k^(th) member of an underlying stack of elements, having the appropriate orientation fixed, of which the figure shows only the top member. As another example element 29 has an index i−1 (−1^(st) column), j=1 (1^(st) row), and φ_(k).

[0036] In FIG. 6B the directivity angle to the preferred direction 22 is 180° and the prior locations of the GW crests 61 are behind the GW crest 25. The distance between the lines (or planes comprising the GW wave crests) at elements in the GW direction 21 is 24. The elements 26 on the anticipated GW crest 25 of the GW 21 are connected to an information processing device, that is interrogated (detection mode) or energized (generation mode). In FIG. 6C the future locations of the GW crests 60 is in front of the GW crest 25 and the directivity angle is 135°, in FIG. 6D it is 90°, in FIG. 6E it is 45° and in FIG. 6F it is 0°.

[0037] In FIG. 7 is illustrated a spherical set of element sets or subsets or electrodes 31 comprising an element having directivity angles α_(k) and δ_(k) for a k^(th) member of the element set or subset 32 distributed over a sphere 33.

[0038] A propulsion system utilizing a gravitational wave generator is shown in block diagram form in FIG. 8. As shown therein, the propulsion system provides a gravitational wave generator 67 disposed with a vehicle housing 75. The generator includes a particle-beam source 69 and nuclear-reaction chamber 72. The rearward moving gravitational waves 62 exit the rear of the vehicle propelling the vehicle in the desired direction of travel 74. The target-mass energizable elements in the nuclear-reaction chamber 72 build up, by constructive interference or reinforcement, the coherent GW 62 as exhibited in FIG. 4. The system of energizable elements comprising the target emulates a more extensive mass having a longer effective radius of gyration 10 exhibited in FIG. 1A and, therefore, stronger GW and more momentum to cause the forward motion in the desired direction of travel 74. The forward-propelling portion of the GW generated by the jerks associated with the energization of the elements comprising the target mass is not coherent. This GW portion is the result of the smaller actual radii of gyration of each individual energizable element. Thus weaker GW is generated and far less momentum is carried away to counter the propulsion in the desired forward direction of travel so that forward propulsion dominates.

[0039] The present invention relies upon the fact that the rapid movement or jerk or oscillation of a mass or collection of submicroscopic particles such as nuclei will produce a quadrupole moment and generate useful high-frequency, for example, up to TeraHertz (THz), GW. The device described herein accomplishes GW generation in several ways based upon the interaction of energizing and energizable submicroscopic particles.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment a collection of target nuclei or target-beam particles are jerked or otherwise set in motion, for example, harmonic oscillatory motion, in concert, in response to the impact of a particle beam, which is a directed flow of particles or waves that carries energy and information. The particle beam moves with the same speed as the local speed of the gravitational waves. According to Douglas Torr and Ning Li (1992), Physical Review B, Volume 64, Number 9, p. 5489, if the target is a superconductor, then the GW are estimated to be two orders of magnitude slower than the speed of GW in a vacuum or the speed of light. The target will exhibit an absorption thickness, that is, a length over which many of the impacting particles interact with the target nuclei to produce a nuclear reaction whose collision products move in a preferred direction resulting in a jerk or oscillation.

[0041] The particle beam is composed of bunches of particles generated in a cylindrical beam pipe, each bunch enters the target material and interacts with a cylinder of target nuclei or target beam particles, comprising the target mass, having a length that is associated with the radius of gyration of the emulated target mass. The results of the interaction, in addition to the jerk or oscillation imparted to the target mass by nuclear reaction or collision, include back-scattered particles 5, secondary electrons 6, sputtered particles, forward-scattered particles (channeling) and recoil atoms as well as ion implantation.

[0042] The jerk-producing or oscillation-producing collisions involve elastic (single Coulomb) and inelastic (bresstrahlung) scattering impacts on nuclei and particles and sometimes result in a nuclear reaction, the products of which move out in a preferred direction based upon the alignment of the target 22. The particle beam bunch's front edge strikes the nuclei or particles in the cylindrical target-mass volume at a speed equal to the local GW speed. As each nucleus or other particle-beam target is impacted and is jerked or otherwise set in motion by the reaction to a nuclear products emission or collision, it generates GW in the direction of or normal to the beam's velocity and/or the alignment direction at the target nuclei and the GW grows in amplitude and emulates a large target mass having an effective radius of gyration larger than that of any single energizable element.

[0043] The GW can also be generated in the direction normal to a quadrupole (harmonic-oscillator) axis or in the direction of a jerk, so that the particle-beam directed GW builds up or accumulates and generates a coherent GW as the beam particles progress through the target nuclei and thereby, emulates an extensive target mass. According to Douglas Torr and Ning Li (1993), Foundation of Physics Letters, Volume 6, Number 4, p. 371 “ . . . the lattice ions, . . . must execute coherent localized motion consistent with the phenomenon of superconductivity.” Thus, a preferred embodiment is to have the target nuclei constrained in a cylindrical superconductivity state. As the particle-beam bunch moves down the cylinder of target nuclei, it strikes one target nuclei after another, creating a GW and adding to the forward-moving or radially-directed GW's amplitude as it progresses in step with the bunch's particles in direction 22 thereby emulating an extensive target mass. The particle-beam bunches are modulated by a particle-emission and/or chopper-control computer to impart information by modulating the generated GW. In addition, since the GW can be slowed by virtue of passing through a medium such as a superconductor (Torr and Li, op. cit. 1991) and, therefore, refracted by it, as in a lens, the GW can be focused and intensified.

[0044] In another embodiment, electron transfer dynamics between incident particle-beam-gas molecule energizing elements, for example, nitric oxide, NO and a metal target surface composed of energizable elements such as Au (111) has been discussed by Yuhui Huang et al. (2000), Science, Volume 290, No. 5489, pp. 111-114. The large-amplitude vibrational motion associated with the energizable target molecules in high vibrational states strongly modulates the energy driving force of the energizing electron-transfer reaction. In this regard, although not discussed in any connection with GW generation, according to Huang, et al. (ibid, p. 113), “ . . . the multiquantum vibrational transfer occurs on the subpicosecond time scale.”

[0045] In order to accomplish experiments or communication with a GW generation or transmitter device, it is necessary to detect or receive GW. In this regard application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000, describes such a detection device in which the collector elements replace the energizable elements of the present invention. The GW receiver is oriented in a direction from which the GW is known to be generated. The GW can be focused on the detection device by means of a refractive medium exhibiting a lense shape, as shown in FIG. 2, in order to amplify the GW intensity. Furthermore, since the GW frequency is also known, the collector elements of the GW receiver can be interrogated, that is, selectively connected by the control computer to an information-processing device, in a sequence at the anticipated incoming GW frequency. Thus, as the incoming GW pass through the ensemble of the GW receiver's collector elements, utilizing piezoelectric crystals, or capacitors, or strain gauges, or transducers, or parametric transducers, or nanomachines, etc., these elements are interrogated at the anticipated time of passage of the GW crest past them.

[0046] The uncertainty is in the determination of the GW phases. Within, for example, a subpicosecond time resolution, all of the possible GW phases (or times that the GW crest hits the leading rows of collector elements) are initially swept through by the control computer to establish the phase that correlates best with the maximum amplitude of the received GW signal, that is, tuned to the GW signal. After this initialization the GW phase is tracked by, say, a Kalman filtering technique described on pp. 384-392 of Robert M. L. Baker, Jr. (1967) Astrodynamics, Applications and Advanced Topics, Academic Press, New York. The small voltages and currents produced by some of the alternative collector elements can be measured, for example, by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) using Josephson junctions (described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,189) and/or by quantum non-demolition (QND) techniques utilized in optics but applied to the problem of reducing quantum-noise limitations for high-frequency GW. The QND technique was first suggested by Vladimir Braginsky of the Moscow State University and published by A. M. Smith (1978) in “Noise Reduction in Optical Measurement Systems,” IEE Proceedings, volume 125, Number 10, pp. 935-941.

[0047] Referring again to application Ser. No. 09/616,683, filed Jul. 14, 2000, it describes collector elements that can detect GW through the same conductors as are attached to the energizable elements for GW generation and are connected by an Individual Independently Programmable Coil System (IIPCS), a device that acts as a transceiver. The IIPCS is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,336. Such a control computer can connect the collector elements together and interrogate them in a pattern that will effectively sense GW incoming from a specific direction and, in like fashion, it can connect the energizer elements and energize them in a pattern that will effectively direct the radially or linearly propagating GW or steer them in a specific direction. It is valuable, therefore, both to scan for GW from a given set of directions, and to steer GW in a given set of directions, that is, to provide for directivity in both reception and transmission of GW. The control computer, acting in concert with the information-processing device, establishes a communications link between a GW receiver and a GW transmitters or, alternatively, between GW transceivers and establishes point to multipoint communication.

[0048] The aforementioned directivity can be best illustrated by FIG. 6. FIG. 6A exhibits a plan view of a typical section of an array of elements or element sets or subsets, the elements with indices 27, i, j, φ_(k). φ_(k) represents the directivity angle, measured relative to some arbitrary fixed direction in space 30, of an individual element, either produced by active element alignment (by being in an electromagnetic field, in a superconducting state, spin polarized, etc.) or being an element set or subset, or by connecting to a specific member of an underlying stack of elements having the appropriate orientation fixed, of which the figures shows only the top member. In this latter case the i, j element stack may, for example, be 180 members high, each member offset from the next by one degree (k=1 to 180) in the three-dimensional ensemble of elements. The central or control computer function is, therefore, a table look up of the indices that should be “on” for a given directivity and also located on the crest of the specific GW of interest (incoming or outgoing). An “on” element is one that is interrogated (for reception) or energized (for transmission).

[0049] In FIG. 6B the directivity angle to the preferred direction 22 is 180°. The elements on the anticipated GW crest 25 of interest of the GW 21 are communicated to collectors and interrogated (detection mode) or energized (generation mode). The prior locations of the GW crests 61 are behind the crest 25. In FIG. 6C the directivity angle is 135°, and the future locations of the crests 60 are in front of the crest 25. In FIG. 6D the directivity angle is 90°, in FIG. 6E it is 45°, and in FIG. 6F it is 0°. A coordinate rotation will afford directivity in three dimensions. In this latter regard, the elements could be arrays of elements or element sets or subsets and those arrays could be spherically isotropic in their activity as either collectors or energizable elements. In one embodiment, the element sets or subsets consist of piezoelectric crystals in a spherical configuration or array. Thus, GW can be sensed or generated in any direction. In this case, the piezoelectric crystals would be spread out evenly over the surface of a sphere 33 exhibited in FIG. 7. In a preferred embodiment each element would consist of a spherical piezoelectric crystal 33 with electrodes 31 spread out evenly over its surface and interrogated or energized in opposite pairs to achieve directivity in detection or generation of GW.

[0050]FIG. 7 illustrates the sphere 33 and the elements 31 (collectors or energizable) comprising the element sets or subsets. A typical member of this element set or subset, 32, has its directivity angles α_(k) and δ_(k) for the k^(th) member of the element sets or subsets defined by the notation φ_(k) (α_(k), δ_(k)). In one embodiment, the elements are piezoelectric crystals. In a preferred embodiment the elements are electrodes 31 attached to the surface 33 of a single, spherical piezoelectric crystal. Thus the propagation of the GW can be steered as opposite pairs of the electrodes are energized and detected from specific directions as the opposite pairs of electrodes, acting as collectors, are interrogated. Collectively the myriad of such spherical piezoelectric crystals can generate or detect a coherent GW by energizing or interrogating them in an appropriate pattern or sequence as illustrated in FIGS. 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E, and 6F.

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

[0051] The specific relationship for GW generation by energizing elements, such as particle-beam particles, colliding with energizable elements, such as aligned target nuclei, will be an outcome of the use of the present invention described herein. To better understand that relationship, it is helpful to refer to the standard quadrupole approximation, Eq. (110.16), p. 355 of L. C. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, The Classical Theory of Fields, Fourth Revised English Edition, Pergamon Press, 1975 or Eq. (1), p. 463 of J. P. Ostriker, (“Astrophysical Source of Gravitational Radiation” in Sources of Gravitational Radiation, Edited by L. L. Smarr, Cambridge University Press, 1979) which gives the GW radiated power (watts) as

P=−dE/dt=−(G/45c ⁵)(d ³ D _(dβ)/_(dt) ³)² [watts]  (1)

[0052] where

[0053] E=energy [joules],

[0054] t=time [s],

[0055] G=6.67423×10−¹¹ [m³/kg-s²] (universal gravitational constant, not the Einstein tensor),

[0056] c=3×10⁸ [m/s] (the speed of light), and D_(dβ)[kg-m²] is the quadrupole moment-of-inertia tensor of the mass of the target particles, and the δ and β subscripts signify the tensor components and directions.

[0057] Equation (1) can also be expressed as:

P=−GK _(I3dot)(d ³ I/dt ³)²/5(c/2)² [watts]  (2)

[0058] where I=Σmr² [kg-m²], the moment of inertia,

[0059] Σm=sum of the masses of the individual target nuclei that are impacted by the particle beam, expel nuclear-reaction products, and caused to jerk or recoil in unison, [kg], (or, at least jerk or oscillate as the forward-moving GW front moves by),

[0060] r=the effective radius of gyrations of the ensemble of target nuclei that constitute the target mass [m], and K_(IBdot)=a dimensionless constant or function to be established by experiment.

[0061] The third derivative of the moment of inertia is

d ³ I/dt ³ =Σmd ³ r ² /dt ³=2rΣmd ³ r/dt ³+ . . .   (3)

[0062] and d³r/dt³ is computed by noting that

2rΣmd ² r/dt ² =n2rƒ_(n) [N-m] (equation of motion)  (4)

[0063] where n is the number of beam particles, which interact with target nuclei to emit nuclear-reaction products, and ƒ_(n) is the nuclear reactive force on a given target nuclei caused by the release of nuclear-reaction products. The third derivative is approximated by

d ³ I/dt ³ ≅n2rΔƒ _(n) /Δt  (5)

[0064] in which Δƒ_(n) is the nearly instantaneous increase in the force on the ensemble of nuclei caused by the release of nuclear-reaction products or the collision impulse over the brief time interval, Δt. The Δt is the nuclear-reaction time for a typical individual collision, taken here to be 10⁻¹² [s]. We will also take, for convenience of calculation, the time between emission of particle bunches also to be Δt. Thus the chopping frequency would be one TH_(z).

[0065] As a bunch of beam particles strike the target nuclei material, the particles impact on the target nuclei, with, for example, 10% of them causing a nuclear reaction. In this regard, the characteristic length (or radius of gyration, r) of the target mass could be considered to be the thickness of the target mass or the distance that the particle-beam bunch moves at local GW speed before the number of particles in a given bunch is reduced by half or by some other measure of the effective radius of gyration of the target mass as the ensemble of energized particles comprising the target mass move in concert at local GW speed and emulate a cohesive target mass. The target nuclei are held in place by intermolecular forces that propagate at the local sound speed, that is, during the Δt interval while the beam particles interact with the target nuclei and create aligned nuclear-reaction products, the particles move at a distance vΔt, where v is the particle speed that is made equal to the local GW speed, V_(GW), but the nuclei move more slowly and influence one another at sound speed. Thus, alternative characteristic lengths could be either vΔt or the distance local sound travels in Δt or the length of the target-mass cylinder, or the absorption thickness, etc. For the numerical example we will choose r=1 [cm]=0.01 [m] and the beam itself to have a cross-sectional area of one square centimeter. Thus for the numerical example the target mass is a cube one centimeter on a side and the generated GW rings from harmonic oscillation that move out in a plate or slab one centimeter thick.

[0066] With K_(I3dot)=1, as in the case of the GW radiated by the centrifugal-force jerk of a spinning rod, from Eq. (1), p. 90 of Joseph Weber (1964), “Gravitational Waves” in Gravitation and Relativity, Chapter 5, W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York and Introducing Eq. (5), Eq. (2) becomes

P=1.76×10⁻⁵²(n2rΔƒ _(n) /Δt)² [watts].  (6)

[0067] The number of particles in a typical bunch is estimated to be approximately that of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) or 4×10″ particles. It is estimated that 10% of the particles impact target nuclei and result in nuclear reaction (that is, a 10% harvest), so n=4×10¹⁰. Inserting these numbers into Eq. (6) we have

P=1.76410⁻⁵²(4×10⁹×2×0.01Δƒ_(n) /Δt)² [watts]  (7)

[0068] and, subject to further verification as to the mass defect and impulsive nuclear force, that is verification of the magnitude of the jerk, we take Δƒ_(n)=1×10⁻⁶ [N] and Δt=10⁻¹² [s] resulting in

P=1.13×10⁻²² [watts].

[0069] The reference area is either the rim of a disk one centimeter thick and one centimeter in diameter or 3.14×10⁻⁴ [m²] for a GW flux of 3.6×10⁻¹⁹ [watts/m²] for a harmonic oscillation or one square centimeter for a linear jerk leading to a GW flux of 1.13×10⁻¹⁸ [watts/m²]. A lens system composed of a media in which the GW is slowed (such as a superconducting media) could concentrate or focus the GW from, say, a one square centimeter, to (10 [micrometer])² for an increase in GW flux of 10⁶ to 1.13×10⁻¹² [watts/m²]. Note that in the refraction medium the GW wavelength is significantly smaller than 10 [micrometers] at THz frequencies, so that GW diffraction, if present, is not very significant. All of the foregoing quadrupole equations are approximations to P. Due to the slowness of the GW, one hundredth of light speed, the GW wavelength in the superconducting target is about λ_(GW) 0.01cΔt=3×10⁶×10⁻¹²=3×10⁻⁶ [m], but still larger than the radius of the target nuclei, beam particles, or nuclear-reaction products, or r, so λ_(GW)>>r and also due to the slow propagation speed, all speeds<<c. Thus the quadrupole approximation is good, but still K_(I3dot) will be further refined as will the harvest and other details of the energizing and jerk-producing or harmonic-oscillation-producing mechanism of the invention such as Δf_(n) and Δt. In fact, as noted by C. W. Misner, K. S. Thorne, and J. A. Wheeler in Gravitation (1973), W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, p. 989, Eq. (1) is “ . . . perhaps approximately (valid) for fast-moving or strong field sources.”

[0070] Analysis of Binary Pulsar PSR 1913+16

[0071] As discussed in the Prior application Ser. No. 09/616,683, since binary pulsar PSR 1913+16 represents the only experimental confirmation of GW, the features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood by a further analysis of this double-star system. According to Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., p. 3 of “Preliminary Tests of Fundamental Concepts Associated with Gravitational-wave Spacecraft Propulsion,” Paper No. 2000-5250 in the CD-ROM proceedings of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Space 2000 Conference and Exposition, AIAA Dispatch: dispatch@lhl.lib.mo.us, or www.aiaa.org/publications, Sep. 19-21, 2000, the double star exhibits a mass of m=2.05×10³⁰ [kg], a semi-major axis, a, of 2.05×10⁹ [m], and a mean motion, n (or ω) of 2.25×10⁻⁴ [radians/s]. The average centrifugal force component or force-vector component subject to change during the star-pair's orbit, Δf_(cfx,y), is

[0072]man ²=(5.56×10³⁰)(2.05×10⁹)(2.25×10⁻⁴)²=5.77×10³² [N].  (8)

[0073]

[0074] From Eq. (1), p. 90 of Joseph Weber, (op cit, 1964) and from Eq. (2) herein one has for Einstein's formulation (1918, Sitzungsberichte, Preussische Akademi der Wisserschaften, p. 154) of the gravitational-wave (GW) radiated power of a rod spinning about an axis through its midpoint, having a time-constant moment of inertia, I [kg-m²], and an angular rate, ω [radians/s]:

P=−32GI ²ω⁶/5c ⁵ =−G(Iω ³)²/5(c/2)⁵ [watts]  (9)

[0075] or

P=−1.76×10⁻⁵²(Iω ³)²=−1.76×10⁻⁵²(r[rmω ²]ω)²  (10)

[0076] where [rmω²]² can be associated with the square of the magnitude of the rod's centrifugal-force vector, f_(cf), for a rod of mass, m, and radius of gyration, r. This vector reverses every half period at twice the angular rate of the rod (and a component's magnitude squared completes one complete period in half the rod's period). Thus the GW frequency is 2ω and the time-rate-of-change of the magnitude of, say, the x-component of the centrifugal force, f_(cfx) is

Δf _(cfx) /Δt∝2f _(cfx)ω.  (11)

[0077] (Note that frequency, υ=ω/2π.) The change in the centrifugal-force vector itself (called a “jerk” when divided by a time interval) is a differential vector at right angles to f_(cf) and directed tangentially along the arc that the dumbbell or rod moves through. As previously mentioned, Equation (9) is an approximation and only holds accurately for r<<λ_(GW) (wave length of the GW) and for speeds of the GW generator far less than c (the speed of light).

[0078] Equation (9) is the same equation as that given for two bodies on a circular orbit (also exhibiting a time-constant moment of inertia) on p. 356 of Landau and Lifshitz, op cit, 1975, (I=μr² in their notation) where ω=n, the orbital mean motion.

[0079] As a validation of the use of a jerk to estimate gravitational-wave power, let us utilize the jerk approach for computing the gravitational-radiation power of PSR1913+16. We computed in Equation (8) that each of the components of force change, Δf_(cfx,y)=5.77×10³² [N] (multiplied by two since the centrifugal force reverses its direction each half period) and Δt=(½)(7.75 hr×60 min×60 sec)=1.395×10⁴ [s]. Thus using the jerk approach:

P=−1.76×10⁻⁵²{(2rΔf _(cfx) /Δt)²+(2rΔf _(cfy) /Δt)²}=−1.76×10⁻⁵²(2×2.05×10⁹×5.77×10³²/1.395×10⁴)²×2=−10.1×10²⁴ [watts]  (12)

[0080] versus −9.78×10²⁴ [watts] using Landau and Lifshitz's (op cit, 1975, p. 356) more exact formulation given by the analyses of Baker (op cit, 2000, p. 4) integrating using (more correctly) the mean anomaly, not the true anomaly. The closeness of the agreement is, of course, fortuitous since due to orbital eccentricity there is no symmetry among the Δf_(cfx,y) components around the orbit. Nevertheless, the value of the jerk approach is well demonstrated!

APPLICATION OF THE INVENTION TO COSMOLOGY

[0081] Since the present invention produces waves or ripples in the conjectured spacetimeuniverse (STU) continuum or fabric (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336), it can be used to explore cosmological conjectures and theories. According to a thumbnail sketch of Einstein's theory of general relativity, time and space disappear with material things. That is, matter (stars to atomic nuclei) are inseparably connected to time and space and vice versa. “Things” are all but hills, valleys, and holes in the fabric of Einstein's spacetime.

[0082] It is conjectured that the equivalence of inertial and attractive mass and the unification of all forces, gravitational, centrifugal, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc. is that they are all simply undulations in the multidimensional STU fabric. We may consider a centrifugal force field to be a gravitational force field and elastic, thrust, drag, etc., force fields to be electromagnetic in origin. Thus force is a property of STU and vice versa. Such a concept is similar to that expressed by Schrödinger in 1946 (reported in Denis Brian's Einstein a life, 1996, John Wiley & Sons, p. 351) in his theory that “ . . . purely wave theory, in which the structure of space-time would yield gravitation, electromagnetism, and even a classical analog of strong nuclear (forces)”. In fact, the term “gravitational waves” could be replaced by the term “force waves” or “inertia waves” since it is the change in force, any force or attraction, or jerk of an inertial mass that results in the waves or ripples in the STU fabric.

[0083] Gravitational waves are related directly to an inertial mass in motion (caused by either a change in attraction or force—a jerk or harmonic oscillation) and not directly related to a gravitational field. In this regard, the wave/particles for such a force wave are proposed to be defined as “forceons” or “massons”. Such wave/particles would be analogous to photons associated with electromagnetic waves, gravitons associated with gravitational attraction, and gluons associated with strong nuclear forces. For historical reasons the term gravitational waves should be retained, whereas to avoid confusion with gravitons and the erroneous association of GW exclusively with gravitational attraction the term forceons or massons should be coined. (A less attractive term, “jerkons” should be avoided even though it is a jerk that creates the GW.)

[0084] There is a fundamental difference between photons, gravitons, gluons, etc., and forceons or massons. The former are manifested by the curvature of the multidimensional STU fabric created by the attractions or forces associated with charge, mass, nuclear particles, etc. (all conjectured to be similar to gravity, that is, not really “forces”, but motion along convergent or divergent geodesics in the multidimensional STU), whereas the latter is manifested by the rapid changes in the forces or jerk associated with the former—like cracking a whip of STU to produce ripples in the STU fabric. Thus all the properties of wave/particles, like diffraction, may not be present in the forceons or massons.

[0085] Continuing with the thumb-nail-sketch conjectures of the STU continuum at the most elementary level, the equivalence of the inability to define position and velocity simultaneously and the inherent uncertainty in position and velocity is simply a reflection of the fact that you can't “see” the entire STU panorama from any one single vantage point. Thus there can be complete determinism, cause and effect can prevail, and “God does not have to play dice”, because everything is in the STU fabric, for example, in different universes at different times everything cannot be “seen”. A “line” cannot connect “points” in the STU fabric, but the “points” are still there and their “motion” on the fabric is predictable; but, unfortunately, they can't be “seen” or predicted simultaneously. The more conventional spacetime continuum is embedded in the multidimensional STU, which is a multidimensional manifold.

[0086] As far as quantum mechanics is concerned, the detailed surface of the STU fabric can be thought of as ribbed or like steps—essentially quantum steps. According to this conjecture the intractable frontier between “ . . . a smooth spacial geometry . . . ” and “ . . . the violent fluctuations of the quantum world on short distances . . . the roiling frenzy of quantum foam.” (Brian Greene, 1999, the elegant universe, Norton, New York, p. 129) is nothing more or less than the interface between osculating universes on small scales in which entities shift back and forth at will—actually smooth transitions with mass/energy and momentum conserved and entropy constant. Thus the measurement of the fundamental constants in a given universe are subject to a very small variation depending upon “where” (or “when”) they are measured.

[0087] In this regard, “where” has a more global meaning. In the STU “where” is similar to position in conventional space (but a continuum of dimensions). On the other hand “where and what” are time-like universe dimensions. In “our” universe its simply “time-when.” These extremely simplified general cosmological conjectures would require very complicated mathematics in order to obtain quantitative results and make them more than just superficial fantasies. Thus the present invention would be useful in obtaining experimental insights concerning the foregoing conjectures and confirmation of quantitative cosmological theories and predictions. Also the receiver aspect of the invention, as it relates to the detection of high-frequency GW, would be useful in studying the “Big Bang” information imprinted on GW background between 10⁻²⁵ and 10⁻¹² [s] after its start. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A gravitational wave generating device comprising: a plurality of target nuclei aligned in a constrained state, a source of submicroscopic particles directed at the target nuclei, a computer-controlled logic system operatively connected to the particle source for selectively propelling the particles toward the target nuclei to produce a nuclear reaction, and a containment system for aligning the products of the nuclear reaction such that the particles move in approximately the same direction, produce a jerk or oscillation in the motion of the target nuclei and thereby generate gravitational waves.
 2. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target nuclei are contained in a superconducting medium.
 3. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target nuclei comprises a gas.
 4. A device according to claim 3 wherein the gas includes electron gas.
 5. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target nuclei comprises a fluid.
 6. A device according to claim 5 in which the fluid is a superconducting fluid.
 7. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target nuclei are contained in a n electromagnetic field.
 8. A device according to claim 7 in which the electromagnetic field is external to the plurality of target nuclei.
 9. A device according to claim 7 in which the electromagnetic field is ferromagnetic.
 10. A device according to claim 7 in which the electromagnetic field is internal to the plurality of target nuclei.
 11. A device according to claim 10 in which the electromagnetic field comprises intermolecular forces.
 12. A device according to claim 1 in which the plurality of target nuclei are aligned in a spin-polarized state.
 13. A device according to claim 1 in which the source of particles for producing nuclear-reaction products is a pulsed particle beam.
 14. A device according to claim 13 in which the particles comprising the particle beam are photons.
 15. A device for generating gravitational waves utilizing nuclear reactions to produce physical motion of submicroscopic particles.
 16. A gravitational wave generating device comprising: a plurality of target energizable elements, a plurality of energizing elements that act on the energizable elements and generate gravitational waves, and a computer controlled logic system operatively connected to the energizing elements to control the action of the energizing elements.
 17. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are energized to produce a third time derivative of the motion of the energizable elements or a jerk.
 18. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are energized to produce a harmonic oscillation.
 19. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are molecules.
 20. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are atoms.
 21. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are atomic nuclei.
 22. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are nuclear particles.
 23. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are an anisotropic particle beam.
 24. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are an isotropic particle beam.
 25. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements create a multiquantum vibrational event for the energizable elements on a subpicosecond time scale and generate gravitational waves.
 26. A device according to claim 23 in which the beam particles collide with the energizable elements and produce a jerk or oscillation motion and generate gravitational waves.
 27. A device according to claim 26 in which the beam particles collide with the energizable elements to produce a nuclear reaction.
 28. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are microwaves.
 29. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are one or more magnetic fields.
 30. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are one or more electric fields.
 31. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are aligned.
 32. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements move in step to define a gravitational-wave front and energize the energizable elements in sequential order to generate and accumulate gravitational-wave energy as the gravitational-wave front progresses.
 33. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are photons of a laser.
 34. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are electrons.
 35. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are protons.
 36. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are neutrons.
 37. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are nuclear particles.
 38. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are atomic nuclei.
 39. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are molecules.
 40. A device according to claim 39 in which the molecules are ionized.
 41. A device according to claim 16 , in which the energizing elements are current-carrying coils.
 42. A device according to claim 16 , in which the energizable elements are one or more permanent magnets.
 43. A device according to claim 16 , in which the energizable elements are one or more electromagnets.
 44. A device according to claim 16 , in which the energizing elements are current-carrying electrical conductors.
 45. A device according to claim 16 , in which the energizable elements are current-carrying electrical conductors.
 46. A gravitational wave detection device in which collector elements are interrogated in sequence according to an expected gravitational wave frequency in order to be a tuned gravitational wave receiver.
 47. A device according to claim 46 in which the interrogations continue as the gravitational wave phase is determined and locked on by a control computer.
 48. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements are transducers.
 49. A device according to claim 48 in which the transducers are parametric transducers.
 50. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements are capacitors.
 51. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements are harmonic oscillators.
 52. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector element's signal can be measured by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID).
 53. A device according to claim 46 in which the signal from the collector elements are sensed using quantum non-demolition (QND) techniques.
 54. A device according to claim 32 in which the gravitational waves comprising the wave front are coherent.
 55. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements are interrogated in a pattern according to an expected incoming gravitational wave direction in order to achieve directivity in GW reception.
 56. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are energized in a pattern in order to achieve directivity in gravitational wave transmission.
 57. A device according to claim 46 in which the directivity is changed over time in order to scan for gravitational wave transmissions.
 58. A device according to claim 56 in which the directivity is changed over time in order to control the direction of the gravitational wave transmissions.
 59. A device according to claim 56 in which the energizing elements are energized in a pattern that will transmit gravitational waves to a radiating gravitational wave transmitter in order to establish a GW communications source.
 60. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are harmonic oscillators.
 61. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements are an array of passive element sets or subsets.
 62. A device according to claim 61 in which the collector element sets or subsets are disposed in a spherical array.
 63. A device according to claim 62 in which the spherical array of collector element sets or subsets comprises a plurality of piezoelectric crystals spread evenly over the surface of a sphere.
 64. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are capacitors.
 65. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are an array of passive element sets or subsets.
 66. A device according to claim 65 in which the energizable element sets or subsets are disposed in a spherical array.
 67. A device according to claim 66 in which the spherical array comprises piezoelectric crystals spread evenly over the surface of a sphere.
 68. A device according to claim 66 in which the energizable element sets or subsets comprise spherical piezoelectric crystals.
 69. A device according to claim 68 in which electrodes are spread evenly over the surface of the piezoelectric crystals and operatively connected to a power source.
 70. A device according to claim 62 in which the collector element sets or subsets comprise spherical piezoelectric crystals.
 71. A device according to claim 70 in which electrodes are spread evenly over the surface of the piezoelectric crystals and operatively connected to a computer.
 72. A device according to claim 42 in which the permanent magnets are submicroscopic.
 73. A device according to claim 43 in which the electromagnets are submicroscopic.
 74. A device according to claim 46 in which the collector elements are submicroscopic.
 75. A device according to claim 46 in which the tuned gravitational wave receiver receives gravitational waves refracted by a medium positioned in front of the gravitational-wave receiver.
 76. A device according to claim 75 in which the medium is a superconducting medium.
 77. A device according to claim 75 including a lens for concentrating or focusing the gravitational waves.
 78. A device according to claim 75 including a series of gravitational-wave refracting media for concentrating or focusing the gravitational waves.
 79. A device according to claim 16 in which a refractive medium concentrates or focuses the gravitational waves emitted by the gravitational wave generator.
 80. A device according to claim 46 in which the gravitational wave frequency is generated by an extra terrestrial, astrophysical event.
 81. A device according to claim 56 in which the pattern produces constructive interference among some of the gravitational waves.
 82. A device according to claim 56 in which the pattern produces destructive interference among some of the gravitational waves.
 83. A device according to claim 16 , in which the energizable elements are piezoelectric crystals.
 84. A device according to claim 16 , in which the energizable elements are nanomachines.
 85. A device according to claim 84 in which the nanomachines are harmonic oscillators.
 86. A device according to claim 84 in which the nanomachines are nanomotors.
 87. A device according to claim 84 in which the nanomachines are solenoids.
 88. A device according to claim 84 in which the nanomachines are microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
 89. A gravitational wave communications device comprising: a plurality of target nuclei aligned in a constrained state, a source of submicroscopic particles directed at the target nuclei, a computer-controlled logic system operatively connected to the particle source for selectively propelling the particles toward the target nuclei to produce a nuclear reaction, a containment system for aligning the products of the nuclear reaction such that the particles move in approximately the same direction, produce a jerk or oscillation in the motion of the target nuclei and thereby generate gravitational waves, and a transmitter operatively connected to the containment system for modulating the gravitational waves.
 90. A device according to claim 89 wherein the transmitter includes a modulator.
 91. A device according to claim 90 in which the modulator imparts information to the gravitational waves.
 92. A device according to claim 91 including an antenna connected to the modulator for directing the modulated gravitational waves to a remote location.
 93. A device according to claim 92 including a detector at a remote location for receiving the modulated gravitational waves.
 94. A device according to claim 93 including a demodulator connected to the detector.
 95. A device according to claim 94 including a presentation device connected to the demodulator.
 96. A gravitational wave communications device comprising: a gravitational wave generator for producing gravity waves, a modulator connected to the generator for imparting information to the gravity waves, a detector for receiving the modulated gravity waves, and a demodulator for extracting the information from the gravitational waves and delivering it to a presentation device.
 97. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizing elements are antiprotons.
 98. A device according to claim 16 in which the energizable elements are antiprotons.
 99. A gravitational wave propulsion system comprising: a gravitational wave generator for producing coherent gravitational waves, a housing for the gravitational wave generator for channeling and directing the gravitational waves in a direction opposed to the direction of propulsion, and refractive control elements for altering the direction of the gravitational waves.
 100. A gravitational wave propulsion system comprising: a gravitational wave generator for producing coherent gravitational waves, a housing for the gravitational wave generator for channeling and directing the gravitational waves in a direction opposed to the direction of propulsion, and refractive control medial for focusing the gravitational waves.
 101. A gravitational wave focusing system comprising: a source of gravitational waves, a first medium for transmitting said gravitational waves, and a second medium interposed in the direction of travel of the gravitational waves for reducing the speed of transmission therein.
 102. A device according to 101 in which the second medium is a superconductor. 